Two critical and overarching dilemmas that need to be addressed today are the conflict between personal interests and the common good and the tension between short-term and long-term development. These dilemmas not only raise questions about policy but also challenge the vision and responsibility of leaders in guiding the country beyond its current development threshold toward sustainability. In its transition to a market economy since the late 1980s, Vietnam has achieved significant progress in growth and international integration. However, this developmental journey has not been smooth and has contained major dilemmas. On one hand, economic growth has created wealth and jobs while reinforcing the Government’s credibility. On the other hand, it has left behind consequences such as corruption, environmental destruction, and growing inequality. There remain contradictions in key areas such as anti-corruption, privatization, and corporate governance. For example, in the fight against corruption, leaders often face the “information dilemma”—when a lack of transparency makes it difficult to trace corrupt activities—and the “enforcement dilemma”—when law enforcement officers are both enforcers and potential subjects of investigation. Similarly, although improving economic efficiency, the privatization process also facilitates group interests to manipulate and create inequality, undermining public trust. Two critical dilemmas in sustainable development […]